Trigonometry

 Mind Maps

Class X - Maths: Trigonometry
Q) A triangle which does not contain right angles is called...?

Q) Formula of sin (90° - A)=?

Q) Define Pythagoras Theorem.

Q) What is trigonometric identity?

Q) What is adjacent to angle A?

Q) What is trigonometric ratios?

Q) Given tan A = 3 , find the other trigonometric ratios of the angle A?

Q) In ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 5 cm and ∠ACB = 30° . Determine the lengths of the sides BC and AC.

Q) In OPQ, right-angled OP = 7 cm and OQ - PQ = 1 cm Determine the values of sinQ and cosQ.

Q) In PQR, right - angled at Q, PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm. Determine ∠QPR and ∠PRQ.

Q) Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.

Q) Explain Trigonometric Ratios of 30° and 60°?

Q) If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.

Q) If sin3A = cos(A – 26°), where 3A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Q) Show that: (i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1 (ii) cos 38° cos 52° - sin 38° sin 52° = 0

• Introduction
• Trigonometric Ratios
• Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles
• Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
• Trigonometric Identities
• Summary
• Introduction
• Let us take some examples from our surroundings where right triangles can be imagined to be formed. For instance
1. Suppose the students of a school are visiting Qutub Minar. Now, if a student is looking at the top of the Minar, a right triangle can be imagined to be made, Can the student find out the height of the Minar, without actually measuring it?
2. Suppose a girl is sitting on the balcony of her house located on the bank of a river. She is looking down at a flower pot placed on a stair of a temple situated nearby on the other bank of the river. A right triangle is imagined to be made in this situation If you know the height at which the person is sitting, can you find the width of the river?.
3. Suppose a hot air balloon is flying in the air. A girl happens to spot the balloon in the sky and runs to her mother to tell her about it. Her mother rushes out of the house to look at the balloon.Now when the girl had spotted the balloon initially it was at point A. When both the mother and daughter came out to see it, it had already travelled to another point B. Can you find the altitude of B from the ground?
• In all the situations given above, the distances or heights can be found by using some mathematical techniques, which come under a branch of mathematics called ‘trigonometry’.
• The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’ (meaning sides) and ‘metron’ (meaning measure).
• In fact, trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle.
• The earliest known work on trigonometry was recorded in Egypt and Babylon.
• Early astronomers used it to find out the distances of the stars and planets from the Earth.
• Even today, most of the technologically advanced methods used in Engineering and Physical Sciences are based on trigonometrical concepts.
• In this chapter, we will study some ratios of the sides of a right triangle with respect to its acute angles, called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
• We will restrict our discussion to acute angles only. However, these ratios can be extended to other angles also.
• We will also define the trigonometric ratios for angles of measure 0° and 90°.
• We will calculate trigonometric ratios for some specific angles and establish some identities involving these ratios, called trigonometric identities.

We have seen triangles and their properties in previous classes.
There, we observed different daily life situations where we were using triangles.
Let’s again look at some of the daily life examples. Electric poles are present everywhere. They are usually erected by using a metal wire.
The pole, wire and the ground form a triangle.
But, if the length of the wire decreases, what will be the shape of the triangle and what will be the angle of the wire with the ground ?
A person is whitewashing a wall with the help of a ladder which is kept as shown in the adjacent figure on left.
If the person wants to paint at a higher position, what will the person do? What will be the change in angle of the ladder with the ground ?
In the temple at Jainath in Adilabad district, which was built in 13th century, the first rays of the Sun fall at the feet of the Idol of Suryanarayana Swami in the month of December.
There is a relation between distance of Idol from the door, height of the hole on the door from which Sun rays are entering and angle of sun rays in that month.
Is there any triangle forming in this context? In a play ground, children like to slide on slider and slider is on a defined angle from earth. What will happen to the slider if we change the angle?
Will children still be able to play on.
The above examples are geometrically showing the application part of triangles in our daily life and we can measure the heights, distances and slopes by using the properties of triangles.
These types of problems are part of ‘trigonometry’ which is a branch of mathematics.
Now look at the example of a person who is white washing the wall with the help of a ladder as shown in the previous figure.
Let us observe the following conditions.
We denote the foot of the ladder by A and top of it by C and the point of joining height of the wall and base of the ladder as B.
Therefore, ΔABC is a right angle triangle with right angle at B.
The angle between ladder and base is said to be θ.

If the person wants to white wash at a higher point on the wall-
What happens to the angle made by the ladder with the ground?
· What will be the change in the distance AB?
2. If the person wants to white wash at a lower point on the wall-
· What happens to the angle made by the ladder with the ground?

· What will be the change in the distance AB? We have observed in the above example of a person who was white washing.
When he wants to paint at higher or lower points, he should change the position of ladder.
So, when ‘θ’ is increased, the height also increases and the base decreases.
But, when θ is decreased, the height also decreases and the base increases.
Do you agree with this statement?
Here, we have seen a right angle triangle ABC and have given ordinary names to all sides and angles.
Now let’s name the sides again because trigonometric ratios of angles are based on sides only.

Naming The Sides In A Right Triangle

Let’s take a right triangle ABC as show in the figure. In triangle ABC, we can consider ∠CAB as A where angle A is an acute angle.
Since AC is the longest side, it is called “hypotenuse”.
Here you observe the position of side BC with respect to angle A.
It is opposite to angle A and we can call it as “opposite side of angle A”.
And the remaining side AB can be called as “Adjacent side of angle A”
AC = Hypotenuse
BC = Opposite side of angle A
AB = Adjacent side of angle A
What do you observe? Is there any relation between the opposite side of the angle A and adjacent side of angle C? Like this, suppose you are erecting a pole by giving support of strong ropes.
Is there any relationship between the length of the rope and the length of the pole? Here, we have to understand the relationship between the sides and angles we will study this under the section called trigonometric ratios.

Trigonometric Ratios

We have seen the example problems in the beginning of the chapter which are related to our daily life situations. Let’s know about the trigonometric ratios and how they are defined.

You have seen some right triangles imagined to be formed in different situations. Let us take a right triangle ABC a below fig Here, ∠CAB (or, in brief, angle A) is an acute angle. Note that the position of the side BC with respect to angle A. It faces ∠A. We call it the side opposite to angle A. AC is the hypotenuse of the right triangle and the side AB is a part of ∠A. So, we call it the side adjacent to angle A.

Note that the position of sides change when you consider angle C in place of A
You have studied the concept of ‘ratio’ in your earlier classes. We now define certain ratios involving the sides of a right triangle, and call them trigonometric ratios. The trigonometric ratios of the angle A in right triangle ABC (see above fig ) are defined as follows :

sine of /_ A =(BC)/(AC)=(side opposite to angle A )/(hypotenuse)
cosine of /_ A =(AB)/(AC)=(side adjacent to angle A)/( hypotenuse)
tangent of /_ A =(BC)/(AB) =(side opposite to angle A)/( hypotenuse)
cosec of /_ A =(AC)/(BC)=(hypotenuse)/(side opposite to angle A)=1/(sine of /_A)
secant of /_ A =(AC)/(BC)=(hypotenuse)/(side adjacent to angle A)=1/(cosine of /_A)
cosec of /_ A =(AB)/(AC)=(hypotenuse)/(side opposite to angle A)=1/(sine of /_A)

The ratios defined above are abbreviated as sin A, cos A, tan A,csc A, sec A and cot A respectively. Note that the ratios csc A,sec A and cot A are respectively, the reciprocals of the ratios sin A, cos A and tan A.

Also, observe that tan A =(BC)/(AB)=((BC)/(AB))/((AB)/(AC))=sinA/cosA and cotA =cosA/sinA

So, the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle express the relationship between the angle and the length of its sides.
Why don't you try to define the trigonometric ratios for angle C in the right triangle?

The first use of the idea of ‘sine’ in the way we use it today was in the work Aryabhatiyam by Aryabhatta, in A.D. 500.
Aryabhatta used the word ardha-jya for the half-chord, which was shortened to jya or jiva in due course. When the Aryabhatiyam was translated into Arabic, the word jiva was retained as it is.
The word jiva was translated into sinus, which means curve, when the Arabic version was translated into Latin.
Soon the word sinus, also used as sine, became common in mathematical texts throughout Europe. An English Professor of astronomy Edmund Gunter (1581–1626), first used the abbreviated notation ‘sin’.
The origin of the terms ‘cosine’ and ‘tangent’ was much later. The cosine function arose from the need to compute the sine of the complementary angle.
Aryabhatta called it kotijya. The name cosinus originated with Edmund Gunter. In 1674, the English Mathematician Sir Jonas Moore first used the abbreviated notation ‘cos’.

Remark : Note that the symbol sin A is used as an abbreviation for ‘the sine of the angle A’. sin A is not the product of ‘sin’ and A.
‘sin’ separated from A has no meaning. Similarly, cos A is not the product of ‘cos’ and A. Similar interpretations follow for other trigonometric ratios also.
Now, if we take a point P on the hypotenuse AC or a point Q on AC extended, of the right triangle ABC and draw PM perpendicular to AB and QN perpendicular to AB extended how will the trigonometric ratios of  /_A in PAM differ from those of /_A in CAB or from those of /_ A in QAN?

To answer this, first look at these triangles. Is PAM similar to CAB? recall the AA similarity criterion. Using the criterion, you will see that the triangles PAM and CAB are similar.
Therefore, by the property of similar triangles, the corresponding sides of the triangles are proportional.
So, we have         (AM)/(AB) =(AP)/(AC)= (MP)/(BC)
From this, we find         (MP)/(AP)=(BC)/(AC)=sin A .
Similarly,          (AM)/(AP)= (AB)/(AC)= cos A, (MP)/(AM) = (BC)/(AB) tan A and so on.
those of angle A in CAB.
In the same way, you should check that the value of sin A (and also of other
trigonometric ratios) remains the same in QAN also.
From our observations, it is now clear that the values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of the sides of the triangle, if the angle remains the same.
Note : For the sake of convenience, we may write sin^2A, cos^2A, etc.,
in place of (sin A)^2, (cos A)^2, etc., respectively.
But csc A = (sin A)^(–1) != sin^(–1) A (it is called sine inverse A).
sin^(–1) A has a different meaning, which will be discussed in higher classes.
Similar conventions hold for the other trigonometric ratios as well.
Sometimes, the Greek letter  theta (theta) is also used to denote an angle.
We have defined six trigonometric ratios of an acute angle. If we know any one of the ratios, can we obtain the other ratios? Let us see.

If in a right triangle ABC, sin A = 1/3,
then this means that (BC)/(AC) = 1/3  , i.e.,
the lengths of the sides BC and AC of the triangle ABC are in the ratio 1 : 3 .
So if BC is equal to k, then AC will be 3k, where k is any positive number.
To determine other trigonometric ratios for the angle A, we need to find the length of the third side AB.
Do you remember the Pythagoras theorem? Let us use it to determine the required length AB.
AB^2 = AC^2– BC^2 =(3k)^2 -(k)^2 =8k^2
Therefore, AB= (2sqrt2 k)^2  AB=+-2sqrt2 k So, we get AB =2 sqrt2 k(Why is AB not  -2sqrt2 k ?)
Now, cos A =(AB)/(AC)= (2sqrt2k)/(3 k )=(2sqrt2)/3
Similarly, you can obtain the other trigonometric ratios of the angle A.

Remark : Since the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right triangle, the value of sin A or cos A is always less than 1 (or, in particular, equal to 1).

Defining Trigonometric Ratios

when we observe right angle triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES, ∠ A is common, ∠ B, ∠ C, ∠ D and ∠ E are right angles and ∠ P, ∠ Q, ∠ R and ∠ S are also equal.
Hence, we can say that triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES are similar triangles.
When we observe the ratio of opposite side of angle A and hypotenuse in a right angle triangle and the ratio of similar sides in another triangle, it is found to be constant in all the above right angle triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES.
And the ratios BP CQ DR , , AP AQ AR and ES AS can be named as “sine A” or simply “sin A” in those triangles.
If the value of angle A is “x” when it was measured, then the ratio would be “sin x”.
Hence, we can conclude that the ratio of opposite side of an angle (measure of the angle) and length of the hypotenuse is constant in all similar right angle triangles.
This ratio will be named as “sine” of that angle.
Similarly, when we observe the ratios AB AC AD ,AP AQ AR and AE AS , it is also found to be constant.
And these are the ratios of the adjacent sides of the angle A and hypotenuses in right angle triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES.
So, the ratios AB AC AD,AP AQ AR and AE AS will be named as “cosine A” or simply “cos A” in those triangles.
If the value of the angle A is “x”, then the ratio would be “cos x” Hence, we can also conclude that the ratio of the adjacent side of an angle (measure of the angle) and length of the hypotenuse is constant in all similar right triangles.
This ratio will be named as “cosine” of that angle.
Similarly, the ratio of opposite side and adjacent side of an angle is constant and it can be named as “tangent” of that angle.

Let's Define Ratios In A Right Angle Triangle
Consider a right angle triangle ABC having right angle at B as shown in the following figure.
Then, trigonometric ratios of the angle A in right angle triangle ABC are defined as follows :
sine of ∠ A = sinA = Length of the sideopposite toangle A / Length of hypotenuse
= (BC)/(AC)
cosine of ∠ A = cos A = Length of the sideadjacent to angle A / Length of hypotenuse
= (AB)/(AC)
tangent of ∠ A = tan A = Length of the sideopposite to angle A/Length of the side adjacent to angle A
= (BC)/(AB)
Try This
In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at C.
BC + CA = 23 cm and
BC − CA = 7cm, then find sin A and tan B.
Think- Discuss
Discuss between your friends that (i) sin x = 4/ 3 does exist for some value of angle x?
(ii) The value of sin A and cos A is always less than 1. Why?
(iii) tan A is product of tan and A.

There are three more ratios defined in trigonometry which are considered as multiplicative inverse of the above three ratios.
Multiplicative inverse of “sine A” is “cosecant A”.
Simply written as “cosec A”
i.e., cosec A = 1 / (sin A)
Similarly, multiplicative inverses of “cos A” is secant A” (simply written as “sec A”) and that of “tan A” is “cotangent A (simply written as cot A) i.e., sec A = 1/ (cos A)
and cot A = 1/ (tan A)
How can you define ‘cosec’ in terms of sides?
If sin A = Opposite sideof theangle A /Hypotenuse
then cosec A = Hypotenuse/Opposite sideof theangle A
Try This
What will be the ratios of sides for sec A and cot A?

Let us see some examples
Example1
If tan A =3/ 4 , then find the other trigonometric ratio of angle A.

Hence tan A = Opposite side/Adjacent side = 3/4
Therefore, opposite side : adjacent side = 3:4
For angle A, opposite side = BC = 3k
Adjacent side = AB = 4k (where k is any positive number)
Now, we have in triangle ABC (by Pythagoras theorem)

(AC)^2 = (AB)^2 + (BC)^2
= (3k)^2 + (4k)^2
= 25k^2
AC = sqrt( 25k^2)
= 5k = Hypotenuse
Now, we can easily write the other ratios of trigonometry
sin A =(3k)/(5k)
= 3/5
and cos A =(4k)/(5k)
= 4/5
And also cosec A =1/(Sin A)
= 5/3
sec A =1 / (cos A) =5/4
cot A =1/(tan A) = 4/3

Example2:
If ∠A and ∠P are acute angles such that sin A = sin P then prove that ∠A =∠P.
Solution:

Given sin A = sin P we have sin A = (BC)/(AC)
and sin P = (QR)/(PQ)
Then (BC)/(AC) = (QR)/(PQ)

Therefore,(BC)/ (AC) = (QR)/ (PQ) = k
By using Pythagoras theorem
(AB)/(PR) = (sqrt((AC^2)-(BC^2)))/(sqrt((PQ^2)-(QR^2)))
=(sqrt((AC^2)-(K^2)(BC^2)))/((sqrt((PQ^2)-(K^2)(QR^2))))
= (AC)/(PQ)
Hence,
(AC)/(PQ) =(AB)/(PR) = (BC)/(QR)
then ΔABC ∼ ΔPQR
Therefore, ∠A =∠P

Example:Consider a triangle PQR, right angled at P, in which PQ = 29 units, QR = 21 units and ∠PQR = θ, then find the values of
(i) cos2 θ + sin2 θ
and
(ii) cos2 θ − sin2 θ

Solution:
ln PQR, we have,
PR = (sqrt((PQ^2)-(QR^2)))/((sqrt(((29)^2)-(11)^2)))
=sqrt(400)=20
cos θ =(QR)/(PQ)
= (20)/(29)
Sin θ= (PR)/(PQ)
=(21)/(29)
Now (i) cos2 θ + sin2 θ = {((20)/(29))^2} + {((21)/(29))^2}
= {(441) + (400)}/{(841)}
= 1.
(i) cos2 θ - sin2 θ = {((20)/(29))^2} - {((21)/(29))^2}
= (-41)/(841)

Exercise
1.In right angle triangle ABC, 8 cm, 15 cm and 17 cm are the lengths of AB, BC and CA respectively.
Then, find out sin A, cos A and tan A.
2. The sides of a right angle triangle PQR are PQ = 7 cm, QR = 25cm and ∠Q = 90o respectively.
Then find, tan Q − tan R.
3. In a right angle triangle ABC with right angle at B, in which a = 24 units, b = 25 units and ∠ BAC = θ.
Then, find cos θ and tan θ.
4. If cos A = (12)/ (13) , then find sin A and tan A.
5. If 3 tan A = 4, then find sin A and cos A.
6. If ∠ A and ∠ X are acute angles such that cos A = cos X then show that ∠ A = ∠ X.

Example 1 : Given tan A = 3 , find the other trigonometric ratios of the angle A.

Solution :Let us first draw a right ABC .
Now, we know that tan A = (BC)/(AB) = 4/3.
Therefore, if  BC = 4k, then AB = 3k, where k is a positive number.
Now, by using the Pythagoras Theorem, we have
AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2 = (4k)^2 + (3k)^2 = 25k^2
So, AC = 5k Now, we can write all the trigonometric ratios using their definitions.
sin A =(BC)/(AC)=(4k)/(5k)=4/5
cos A = (AB)/(AC)=(3k)/(5k)=3/5
Therefore, cot A = 1/(tanA)= 3/4 ,
csc A =1/(sin A)=5/4 and sec A =1/(cos A) =5/3

Example 2 : If ∠ B and ∠ Q are acute angles such that sin B = sin Q,
then prove that ∠ B = ∠ Q.

Solution : Let us consider two right triangles ABC and PQR where sin B = sin Q .

We have sin B =(AC)/(AB)
and sin Q =(PR)/(PQ)
Then(AC)/(AB)=(PR)/(PQ)
Therefore,(AC)/(PR)=(AB)/(PQ) = k, say -------------(1)
Now, using Pythagoras theorem, BC = sqrt(AB^2 − AC^2)
QR = sqrt(PQ^2 – PR^2)
So,(BC)/(QR)=sqrt(AB^2 − AC^2)/sqrt(PQ^2 − PR^2)
=sqrt(k^2 PQ^2 − k^2 PR^2)/sqrt(PQ ^2 − PR^2)
=k sqrt( PQ^2 − PR^2)/sqrt(PQ^2 − PR^2)= k ------------(2)
From (1) and (2), we have
(AC)/(PR) = (AB)/(PQ) = (BC)/(QR)
Then, by using Theorem 6.4, ACB ~ PRQ and therefore, /_B = /_Q.
Example 3 : Consider ACB, right-angled at C, in which AB = 29 units, BC = 21 units and /_ ABC = theta Determine the values of the below fig Determine the values of
(i) cos^2theta + sin^2theta,
(ii) cos^2theta – sin^2theta.

Solution : In ACB, we have
AC =sqrt[AB^2 − BC^2]=sqrt[(29)^2 − (21)^2]
= sqrt[(29 − 21)(29+21)] =sqrt(p(8)(50)) =sqrt[400] = 20 units
So, sin theta =(AC)/(AB)=(20)/(29), cos theta=(BC)/(AB)=(21)/(29).
Now, (i) cos^2theta + sin^2theta=(20^ 2)/(29)=(21^2)/(29)=(20^2+21^2)/(29^2)=(400 +441)/(841) =1
and (ii) cos^2theta + sin^2theta =(21^ 2)/(29)=(20^2)/(29)=((21+20)(21-20))/(29^2)=(41)/(841).
Example 4 : In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = 1, then verify that 2sin A cos A = 1.
Solution : In ABC, tan A =(BC)/(AB)= 1
i.e., BC = AB
Let AB = BC = k, where k is a positive number.
Now,AC = sqrt [AB^2 +BC^2]
= sqrt[(k )^2 +( k )^2] = ksqrt2
Therefore, sinA=(BC)/(AC) =1/sqrt2 and cosA=(AB)/(AC)=1/sqrt2 and
cosA=(AB)/(AC)=1/sqrt2
so, 2sinAcosA=2(1/sqrt2)(1/sqrt2)=1, which is the required value.
Example 5 : In OPQ, right-angled OP = 7 cm and OQ – PQ = 1 cm Determine the values of sinQ and cosQ.
Solution : In OPQ, we have
OQ^2 = OP^2 + PQ^2
i.e.,     (1 + PQ)^2 = OP^2 + PQ^2      (Why?)
i.e.,         1 + PQ^2 + 2PQ = OP^2 + PQ^2
i.e.,       1 + 2PQ = 7^2        (Why?)
i.e.,       PQ = 24 cm and OQ = 1 + PQ = 25 cm
So,         sinQ = 7/(25) and cosQ = (24)/(25)
Ratios of Some Specific Angles

We already know about isosceles right angle triangle and right angle triangle with angles 30°, 60° and 90°.
Can we find sin 30° or tan 60° or cos 45° etc.
with the help of these triangles? Does sin 0° or cos 0° exist?
From geometry, you are already familiar with the construction of angles of 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. In this section, we will find the values of the trigonometric ratios for these angles and, of course, for 0°.

Trigonometric Ratios of 45° In ABC, right-angled at B, if one angle is 45°, then the other angle is also 45°, i.e., /_A = /_C = 45°

So,              BC = AB        (Why?)
Now,               Suppose BC = AB = a.
Then by Pythagoras Theorem,
AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2 = a^2 + a^2 = 2a^2,
and, therefore,
AC = asqrt2
Using the definitions of the trigonometric ratios, we have :
sin45° = side opposite to angle 45° / hypotenuse
sin45°=(BC)/(AC)=a/(asqrt2)=1/(sqrt2)
cos45° = side adjacent to angle 45° / hypotenuse
cos45°=(AB)/(AC)=a/(asqrt2)=1/(sqrt2)
tan45° = side opposite to angle 45° / side adjacent to angle 45°
tan45°=(BC)/(AC)=a/(asqrt2)=1/(sqrt2)
Also,       csc45°=1/ sin45°=sqrt2sec45°
csc45°=1/(cos45°)=sqrt2cot45° =1/[tan45°] =1

Trigonometric Ratios of 30° and 60°
Let us now calculate the trigonometric ratios of 30° and 60°. Consider an equilateral triangle ABC. Since each angle in an equilateral triangle is 60°,
therefore, /_ A = /_ B = /_C = 60°. Draw the perpendicular AD from A to the side BC

Now

ABD~=ACD(Why?)

Therefore,              BD =DC
and              /_BAD = /_CAD       (CPCT)
Now observe that:
ABD is a right triangle, right- angled at D with /_BAD = 30° and /_ABD = 60°
As you know, for finding the trigonometric ratios, we need to know the lengths of the sides of the triangle. So, let us suppose that AB = 2a.
Then,           BD=1/3 BC =a
and          AD^2 = AB^2 – BD^2 = (2a)^2 – (a)^2 = 3a^2,
Therefore,          AD =asqrt3
Now, we have :     sin30° =(BD)/(AB)=a/(2a)=1/2,
cos30°=(AD)/(AB)=(asqrt3)/(2a)=sqrt3/2
tan30° =(BD)/(AD)=a/(asqrt3)=1/sqrt3.
Also,        csc30°=1/[sin30°]=2,sec30°=1/ [cos30°]=2/sqrt3
cot30°=1/[tan30°]=sqrt3.
Similarly,         sin60° =(AD)/(AB)=(asqrt3)/(2a)=sqrt3/2,cos60°=1/2=tan30°=sqrt3
csc60° =2/sqrt3,sec60°= 2 and cot60°=1/sqrt3

Trigonometric Ratios of 0° and 90°

Let us see what happens to the trigonometric ratios of angle A, if it is made smaller and smaller in the right triangle ABC ( ) fig1 till it becomes zero. As /_A gets smaller and smaller, the length of the side BC decreases.The point C gets closer to point B, and finally when /_A  becomes very close to 0°, AC becomes almost the same as AB fig2

When /_A is very close to 0°, BC gets very close to 0 and so the value of BC
sinA = AC is very close to 0. Also, when /_A  is very close to 0°, AC is nearly the AB
same as AB and so the value of cosA = AC is very close to 1.
This helps us to see how we can define the values of  sinA and  cos A when A = 0°.
We define : sin0° = 0 and  cos0° = 1.
Using these, we have :
tan0°=[sin0°]/ [cos0°]=0,cot0°=1/[tan0°],which is not defined. (Why?)
sec 0°=1/ [cos 0°]=1,and csc0°=1/[sin0°], which is again not defined.(Why?)

Now, let us see what happens to the trigonometric ratios of /_ A, when it is made larger and larger in ABC till it becomes 90°. As /_A gets larger and larger, /_C gets smaller and smaller. Therefore, as in the case above, the length of the side AB goes on decreasing. The point A gets closer to point B. Finally when /_A is very close to 90°, /_C becomes very close to 0° and the side AC almost coincides with side BC .

When /_C is very close to 0°, /_A is very close to 90°, side AC is nearly the same as side BC, and so sin A is very close to 1. Also when /_ A is very close to 90°, /_C is very close to 0°, and the side AB is nearly zero, so cos A is very close to 0.
So, we define :           sin90° = 1 and cos 90° = 0.
Now, why don’t you find the other trigonometric ratios of 90°?
We shall now give the values of all the trigonometric ratios of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° in this below fig for ready reference.

Now, let us see the values of trigonometric ratios of all the above discussed angles in the form of a table.

Think - Discuss
What can you say about the values of sin A and cos A, as the value of angle A increases from 0° to 90° ? (observe the above table)
If A > B, then sin A > sin B. Is it true ?
If A > B, then cos A > cos B. Is it true ? Discuss.

Example:
In ∆ABC, right angle is at B, AB = 5 cm and ∠ACB = 30° .
Determine the lengths of the sides BC and AC.
Solution:
Given AB=5 cm and ∠ACB=30° .
To find the length of side BC, we will choose the trignometric ratio involving BC and the given side AB.
Since BC is the side adjacent to angle C and AB is the side opposite to angle C.
Therefore,
(AB)/(BC) = tan C
i.e. 5 /(BC) = tan 30°
= 1/sqrt(3)
which gives BC = 5 (sqrt(3)) cm
Now, by using the Pythagoras theorem
(AC)^2 = (AB)^2 + (BC)^2 (AC)^2
= 5^2 + 5 sqrt(3)^ 2
(AC)^2 = 25 + 75
AC = 100 = 10 cm

Remark : From the table above you can observe that as /_A increases from 0° to 90°, sin A increases from 0 to 1 and cos A decreases from 1 to 0. Let us illustrate the use of the values in the table above through some examples.

Example 6 : In ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 5 cm and /_ACB = 30° . Determine the lengths of the sides BC and AC.
Solution : To find the length of the side BC, we will choose the trigonometric ratio involving BC and the given side AB. Since BC is the side adjacent to angle C and AB is the side opposite to angle C,
therefore            (AB)/(BC)=tanC
i.e,           5/(BC)=tan30°=1/sqrt3
which gives            BC = 5sqrt3 cm
To find the length of the side AC, we consider
sin30° =(AB)/(AC)         (Why?)
] i.e,           1/2=5/(AC)
i.e.,               AC = 10 cm
Note that alternatively we could have used Pythagoras theorem to determine the third side in the example above,
i.e.,            AC = sqrt(AB ^2 +BC^2) =sqrt [5^2 + (5 sqrt3)^2] cm = 10cm.

Example 7 : In PQR, right - angled at Q, PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm.
Determine /_QPR and /_PRQ.

Solution : Given PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm.
Therefore,           (PQ)/(PR )= sin R
or             sinR =3/6=1/2
So,              /_PRQ = 30°
and therefore,           /_QPR = 60°.             (Why?)
You may note that if one of the sides and any other part (either an acute angle or any side) of a right triangle is known, the remaining sides and angles of the triangle can be determined.

Example 8 :If sin(A – B) = 1/2,cos(A + B) =1/2, 0° < A + B <= 90° , A > B, find A and B.
Solution : Since, sin(A – B) =1/2, therefore, (A – B )= 30° (Why?) ----------(1)
Also, since ,cos (A + B) = 1/2 , therefore, (A + B) = 60° (Why?) ------------(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get : A = 45° and B = 15°.

Ratios of Complementary Angles

Recall that two angles are said to be complementary if their sum equals 90°. In ABC, right-angled at B, do you see any pair of complementary angles?

Since    /_A + /_ C = 90°, they form such a pair. We have:
sinA = (BC)/(AC) , cosA = (AB)/(AC) ,tanA = (BC)/(AB),
csc A =(AC)/(BC) , sec A = (AC)/(AB) ,cot A =(AB)/(BC) --------------------------(1)
Now let us write the trigonometric ratios for /_C = 90° – /_ A.
For convenience, we shall write 90° – A instead of 90° – /_ A.
What would be the side opposite and the side adjacent to the angle 90° – A?
You will find that AB is the side opposite and BC is the side adjacent to the angle 90° – A. Therefore,

sin(90°-A) = (AB)/(AC) , cos(90°-A)= (BC)/(AC) , tan(90°-A) = (AB)/(BC),
csc(90°-A)=(AC)/(AB) , sec(90°-A)= (AC)/(BC) cot(90°-A) =(BC)/(AB) --------------------------(2)

Now, compare the ratios in (1) and (2). Observe that :
sin(90°-A) = (AB)/(AC)=cosA and cos(90°-A)= (BC)/(AC)=sinA
tan(90°-A) = (AB)/(BC)=cotA and cot(90°-A)=(BC)/(AB)=tanA
Also, csc(90°-A)=(AC)/(AB)=secA and sec(90°-A)=(AC)/(BC)=cscA

so,sin(90°-A) = cosA, cos(90°-A)=sinA
tan(90°-A) = cotA ,cot (90°-A)= tanA
sec(90°-A)= csc A  csc(90°-A)= secA
for all values of angle A lying between 0° and 90°. Check whether this holds for A = 0° or A = 90°.
Note : tan 0° = 0 = cot 90°, sec 0° = 1 = cosec 90° and sec 90°, cosec 0°, tan 90° and cot 0° are not defined.

some examples

Example:If cos 7A = sin(A − 6°), where 7A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution:Given cos 7A = sin(A − 6°) ...(1)
sin (90 − 7A) = sin (A − 6°)
since (90 − 7A) and (A − 6°)
are both acute angles, therefore
90° − 7A = A − 6°
8A = 96°
which gives A = 12°

.

Example:If sin A = cos B, then prove that A + B = 90°.
Solution:
Given that sin A = cos B ...(1)
We know cos B = sin (90° − B), we can write (1) as
sin A = sin (90° − B)
If A, B are acute angles, then A = 90° − B
⇒ A + B = 90° .

Example: Express sin 81o + tan 81o in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0o and 45o
Solution
:
We can write sin 81° = cos(90° − 81° ) = cos 9°
tan 81° = tan(90° − 81° ) = cot 9°
Then, sin 81° + tan 81° = cos 9° + cot 9°

Example 9 : Evaluate [tan65°]/[ cot25°]
Solution : We know :cotA = tan(90° – A)
So, cot25° =tan(90° – 25°) = tan65°
i.e.,[tan 65°]/[cot25°]=[tan65°]/[tan65°]=1

Example 10 : If sin3A = cos(A – 26°), where 3A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution : We are given that sin3A = cos(A – 26°). -------(1)
Sincesin3A = cos(90° – 3A), we can write (1) as
cos(90° – 3A) = cos(A – 26°)
Since 90° – 3A and (A – 26°) are both acute angles, therefore,
(90° – 3A) = (A – 26°)
which gives A = 29°

Example 11 : Express cot85° + cos75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
Solution : cot85° +cos75° = cot(90° – 5°) + cos(90° – 15°) = tan5° +sin15°.

Trigonometric Identities

You may recall that an equation is called an identity when it is true for all values of the variables involved. Similarly, an equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a trigonometric identity, if it is true for all values of the angle(s) involved.
In this section, we will prove one trigonometric identity, and use it further to prove other useful trigonometric identities.

In ABC, right-angled at B, we have:
AB^2 + BC^2 = AC^2 ______________(1)
Dividing each term of (1) by AC^2, we get
(AB^2)/(AC^2) = (BC^2)/(AC^2)= (AC^2)/(AC^2)
i.e., (AB^2)/(AC)=(BC^2)/(AC)=(AC^2)/(AC)
i.e.,(cosA)^2 + (sinA)^2 = 1
i.e.,cos^2 A + sin^2 A = 1  _____________________ (2)
This is true for all A such that 0° <= A <= 90°. So, this is a trigonometric identity. Let us now divide (1) by  (AB)^2. We get
(AB^2)/(AB^2) = (BC^2)/(AB^2)=(AC^2)/(AB^2)
or(AB^2)/(AB) = (BC^2)/(AB) = (AC^2)/(AB)
i.e.,1 + tan^2 A = sec^2 A ______________(3)
Is this equation true for A = 0°? Yes, it is. What about A = 90°? Well, tanA and secA are not defined for A = 90°. So, (3) is true for all A such that 0°  <= A  <= 90°.
Let us see what we get on dividing (1) by BC^2. We get
(AB^2)/(BC^2) = (BC^2)/(BC^2) = (AC^2)/(BC^2)
i.e.,(AB^2)/(BC) = (BC^2)/(BC) = (AC^2)/(BC)
i.e.,cot^2 A + 1 = csc^2 A_________________(4)

Note that csc A and cot A are not defined for A = 0°. Therefore (4) is true for all A such that 0° < A <= 90°.
Using these identities, we can express each trigonometric ratio in terms of other trigonometric ratios, i.e., if any one of the ratios is known, we can also determine the values of other trigonometric ratios.
Let us see how we can do this using these identities. Suppose we know that
tanA = 1/sqrt3 Then, cotA =sqrt3.
Since, sec^2 A = 1 + tan^2 A = 1+1/3=4/3, sec A = 2/sqrt3 , and cosA =sqrt3/2,
Again, sin A = sqrt( 1 − cos^ 2 A)= sqrt(1 −3/4)=1/2. Therefore, csc A = 2.
Example 12 : Express the ratios cosA, tan A and sec A in terms of sin A.
Solution : Since cos^2 A + sin ^2 A = 1, therefore,
cos^2 A = 1 – sin ^2 A,
i.e., cos A =+-sqrt (1 − sin ^2 A)
This gives cosA = sqrt(1 − sin ^2 A) (Why?)
Hence, tan A = sin A/cosA = sin A/(1 – sin ^2 A) and sec A = 1/cos A =1/sqrt(1 − sin ^2 A)
Identities

In this chapter, you have studied the following points :
1 In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B,
(i)sinA = side opposite to angle A /A hypotenuse,
cos A = side adjacent to angle/ hypotenuse
(ii)tan A = side opposite to angle A/side adjacent to angle A ?
21231213434

csc A =1/sin A ; secA =1/cosA;
tanA =1/ cotA,
tanA =sinA/ cos A.
• If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trigonometric ratios of the angle can be easily determined.
• The values of trigonometric ratios for angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.
• The value of sinA or cosA never exceeds 1, whereas the value of secA or csc A is always greater than or equal to 1.

• sin(90° – A) = cosA,
• cos(90° – A) = sinA;
• tan (90° – A) =cotA,
•  cot(90° – A) = tanA;
• sec(90° – A) = cscA ,
• csc(90° – A) = secA.
• sin^2 A + cos^2 A = 1,
• sec^2 A – tan^2 A = 1 for 0° <= A < 90°, csc^2 A = 1 + cot^2 A for 0°  < A <=90°.
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